Journal of engineering and construction management

Abstract The purpose of this project was to evaluate the values of the seismic parameters proposed by the codes for reinforced concrete buildings with a lateral bearing system of the intermediate moment-resisting frame. For this purpose, 3 concrete frames of 3, 6 and 9 floors with medium ductility were analyzed. These frames are also chosen to include the ranges of influencing factors in the response of the structures from the height of the structure, the ratio of lateral load to gravity, the period of the structure to represent a real system of earthquakes.
The modeling of the structures was done by plastic joints so that the structure experiences a reduction in stiffness and resistance in the main vibration modes. For the nonlinear modeling of the structures by the plastic joint method, the relationships proposed by Ibarra and Krawinkler and calibrated by Haselton and Dearlin were used.
Then, the models were evaluated by non-linear static analysis and the results of this analysis were used to obtain the behavior factor, overstrength coefficient, displacement amplification factor, ductility coefficient.

Abstract One of the most important structures are pipe racks, which are usually made from concrete, steel, or a combination of the two materials that are used to maintain pipes and other equipment at the required levels. Seismic isolation is one of the most powerful earthquake engineering tools in the field of passive control. This method can effectively protect building and non-building structures against a devastating earthquake. In other words, seismic isolation can be used to increase the performance level of pipe racks. In this article, the performance of seismic isolators in a pipe rack that consists of 4 parts, by two types of lead-rubber isolators and friction pendulum, under the effect of near and far-field earthquakes, has been studied. The results show that the use of seismic isolators in pipe racks reduces the damage to the structure and pipes after an earthquake and has a very good performance. The seismic isolator was used in three ways in this research, firstly, the isolator was used under the structures, and in the next step, the floor of the floors was isolated, and at the end, the isolators were placed under the pipes. The behavior of this type of isolators is almost the same, and according to the project conditions, it is possible to decide which part of the structure the isolators should be placed in.

Abstract Today, construction accidents, especially falls from scaffolding or overturning of scaffolding, are considered one of the most important problems in developing countries. These incidents have many adverse economic, social and environmental consequences. The current study was to investigate the effect of using new Ringlock scaffolding in reducing the risk of construction accidents based on risk assessment with a fuzzy approach.
Methods: For risk assessment, failure mode analysis and its effects (FMEA) method was used in combination with the theory of intuitive fuzzy sets (IFS) (IFS-FMEA). First, the potential failures of two scaffolding systems were identified using experts' opinions. Then the FMEA parameters or risk criteria, including the probability of failure occurrence, the probability of failure detection, and the severity of the consequence, were redefined based on a seven-point language scale by incorporating the fuzzy approach. Each linguistic term was associated with an intuitive triangular fuzzy set. Opinions about the risk criteria for each of the identified failures were collected from a panel of experts and integrated using the similarity aggregation method and de-fuzzified using the center of gravity approach. Finally, from the product of the values of the risk criteria, the risk priority number (RPN) was calculated for each of the identified failures of the scaffolding and compared using statistical methods, and the effect of using the new scaffolding in reducing the risk of falling accidents and scaffold collapse was determined.

Abstract Following communities development, the growth of construction industry has been very impressive. About one billion tons of waste produced annually by the European Union countries is related to the construction industry, and this industry has consumed more than 40% of global energy. Also, the construction industry is responsible for the production and emission of 40-50% of greenhouse gases. Therefore, the material and energy consumption, the production of waste materials and the pollutants emission should be identified and controlled. Today, life cycle assessment is accepted as one of the most reliable methods in investigating environmental effects and can introduce solutions in order to reduce the harmful effects of the environment by comparing different ways of producing or providing services. The main goal of this research is to review the important findings of the most reliable studies in the field of life cycle assessment knowledge in different sectors of the construction industry, which can be useful in organizing and describing the current conditions. Expressing the advantages, challenges and examining possible possibilities to solve them and providing suggestions for determining the implementation framework of life cycle assessment in the construction industry are other goals of this research. The results of this study show the positive effects of life cycle assessment in the sustainable development of the construction industry. Also, the exploitation stage has the greatest impact on the environment due to its longer duration. The dominant building materials also have a significant effect on energy consumption and global warming potentials of buildings.

Abstract This study investigates the lateral force distribution and structural drift of moment frames and shear walls under different ground motions with different magnitude. In order to investigation of seismic behavior of concrete structures with dual system including concrete moment resisting frame and concrete shear wall, three 3D 5-story, 10-story and 15-story reinforced concrete moment resistant frames with concrete shear wall were evaluated by linear static and spectral analysis. Material behavior is nonlinear and base condition is flexible. The results of lateral force distribution in cases of fix and flexible-based foundation were presented. In addition, the structural story drift for all 3 type of structures were investigated by nonlinear static and spectral analysis. The results illustrated that the foundation flexibility increases lateral forces in columns as compared to shear walls. As well as this, as the stiffness of springs at the bottom level of foundation decreases, story drift of all structures increases.

Abstract Todey ,the whole world is involved with the energy crisis therefore renewable resources should be repl aced by non-renewable resources with proper principles and planning. one of the important solutions to use the design of buildings based on zero energy.
The aim of this thesis is to design a building based on a zero-carbon architectural approach in Khorramabad city.
The research method is descriptive-survey. The statistical population in the qualitative section was 12 people interviewed. In the quantitative section, 136 people were selected as a random stratified statistical sample. The analysis was performed using RISREL version 22 software.
The results of the interview with experts using the Delphi method led to the identification of 11 main indicators, namely (appropriate construction design, energy optimization, attention to environmental considerations, appropriate use of building materials, optimization of construction costs, beauty of the building facade, attention to climatic conditions, building orientation, heat storage method, energy consumption, arrangement of rooms in the building).
The research findings showed that the indicators extracted for designing a building based on a zero-carbon architectural approach have a significant relationship with each other directly and indirectly at the 99% level.
The simulation results showed that by using zero carbon indicators in the building identified by experts, energy consumption can be reduced optimally.

Abstract Today, the emergence of the energy crisis and the resulting environmental problems have left many challenges by entering many activities in the field of architectural and urban design, which have a large share in energy consumption and environmental pollution. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the factors affecting the life of concrete buildings in the city of Mashhad. Based on the results of the analytic hierarchy process, it was determined that the factors affecting the lifespan of concrete buildings in Mashhad were technical factors, economic factors, managerial factors, natural and unnatural disasters, and building maintenance and care. In prioritizing the factors affecting the lifespan of concrete buildings in Mashhad using the analytic hierarchy process, the most important main criterion was the managerial criterion with a criterion weight of 0.214, and under the technical criterion, the lack of proper curing of concrete before and after concreting with a criterion weight of 0.182, under the economic criterion, the use of unskilled workers in concrete construction operations in terms of reducing costs with a criterion weight of 0.187, under the managerial criterion, the lack of supervision and control of the process of carrying out electrical and mechanical installations according to national building regulations with a criterion weight of 0.195, under the criterion of natural and unnatural disasters, leakage and dampness and unprincipled use of the building with a criterion weight of 0.198, and under the criterion of building maintenance and care, the lack of periodic services of building facilities such as elevators with a criterion weight of 0.21 as the most important factors in reducing the lifespan of concrete buildings. They were identified in the city of Mashhad.

Abstract Determining crop water requirements plays a crucial role in irrigation planning and, consequently, in the proper management of water resources in the agricultural sector. Therefore, this study examines the water consumption and requirements of agricultural crops in the Tajan River Basin, located in Mazandaran Province. The agricultural water needs and consumption within the study area include both net and gross crop water requirements. The net water requirement of field and orchard crops was estimated using data from the Plant Water Requirement Determination System of the Soil and Water Research Institute. Considering the irrigation efficiency for lands within the Tajan Plain, which fall under the Tajan irrigation network, as well as the upstream agricultural lands within the Tajan River Basin up to the plain's entrance (traditional irrigation system), the gross water requirement of each crop was estimated. The results of this study indicate that the net agricultural land area in the Tajan Plain is 68,100 hectares, with a projected water requirement of 433.5 million cubic meters. Additionally, the net agricultural land area in the Tajan River Basin up to the plain’s entrance is 15,300 hectares, with an estimated water requirement of 106 million cubic meters.

Abstract Temporal parameters are widely used in most hydrological and hydraulic models. The most commonly used temporal parameter in hydrology is the time of concentration, which is one of the most crucial hydrological variables in the design of flood control structures, dam spillways, and other hydraulic structures. Numerous methods have been proposed for estimating the time of concentration. This study aims to select the most appropriate method for estimating the time of concentration in the upstream watershed of Garroodbar Dam. The preliminary studies of this dam were conducted on the SheshRoodbar River in Savadkooh County, Mazandaran Province, to meet part of the region’s drinking water demand. For the estimation of the time of concentration in this watershed, six methods were considered: Giandotti, Bransby Williams, California, Kerpich, SCS, and Travel Time. Considering the conditions and limitations associated with each method, as well as the physical characteristics of the upstream watershed of the dam-including the main channel length, watershed area, stream slope, and the analysis of flood hydrographs recorded at the Karikola hydrometric station (located downstream of the dam)—the Travel Time method was selected as the most suitable approach. Finally, the time of concentration for the Kerikola station and the Garroodbar Dam watershed was estimated at 5.7 hours and 9.2 hours, respectively, using the Travel Time method.

Abstract Spatial variations in precipitation have diverse effects on water resource management at the watershed level. Therefore, analyzing the spatial distribution of various precipitation parameters is crucial for estimating water balance errors and improving decision-making processes. This study aims to investigate the distribution of monthly and seasonal precipitation, precipitation gradient, estimation of maximum 24-hour rainfall, and the development of an annual isohyetal map for the Chahardangeh watershed in Sari, Mazandaran Province. To analyze annual precipitation in the study area, data from 23 meteorological stations, selected based on quantitative and qualitative adequacy, were used for a 50-year reference period (1972–2022). The isohyetal map was generated in a GIS environment using data from all stations within the reference period and auxiliary stations for validation purposes. The results indicate that autumn and winter account for over 60% of the total seasonal precipitation in the Chahardangeh watershed. The precipitation gradient curve reveals a negative correlation between elevation and precipitation, meaning that rainfall decreases as elevation increases. Based on the isohyetal map, the average annual precipitation in the Chahardangeh watershed is approximately 479 mm. The maximum 24-hour rainfall for 2-year and 100-year return periods was estimated using an averaging method, yielding approximately 44 mm and 103 mm, respectively.

Abstract Precipitation is one of the most important yet highly variable atmospheric parameters. Its magnitude differs across regions depending on geographical location and prevailing atmospheric conditions. The Garrudbar Dam is located on the Shesh Rudbar River, one of the headwaters of the Talar River, in the central part of Savadkouh County, Mazandaran Province. The objective of this study is to estimate the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) in the Garrudbar Dam watershed and analyze extreme rainfall events for specific durations in this region. To assess the annual precipitation in the watershed, data from the meteorological station located within the study area (Paland) and neighboring stations were utilized over a 56-year statistical period (1966–2022). The PMP values for the stations were calculated using the Hershfield method. Subsequently, the area reduction method was employed to estimate the basin-wide PMP for the watershed. The final results indicate that the PMP for the Garrudbar Dam watershed, covering an area of 186 km², is estimated to be 237 mm. Additionally, the analysis of extreme rainfall events for specific durations demonstrated that the Gumbel probability distribution function outperforms the two-parameter log-normal distribution. Consequently, the periodic rainfall values for different return periods were determined using the Gumbel distribution.

Abstract Various methods are used for environmental impact assessment (EIA) of development projects, particularly water resource development projects, depending on the project type, scale, and geographic location. River rehabilitation projects, especially those passing through urban and rural areas, require careful consideration of their environmental impacts. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of key activities associated with the Valmarud River rehabilitation project in the southern region of Tonekabon, Mazandaran Province, Iran. To quantify the impacts of constructing a riverbank wall along the Valmarud River, a scoring checklist method was employed, considering the available scientific methods and data. The checklist was developed for different environmental components—including physical, biological, and socio-economic-cultural environments—in both the construction and operational phases. The results indicated that most negative impacts during the construction phase were related to the physical environment, all of which were short-term and reversible. These impacts were significantly reduced or eliminated after the completion of construction. In contrast, during the operational phase, all assessed impacts in the physical, biological, and socio-economic-cultural environments were positive, with long-term benefits. The final quantitative assessment of the Valmarud River rehabilitation project demonstrates that, with proper environmental management measures, the project will lead to improved conditions in the physical, biological, and socio-economic aspects of the region. Moreover, the negative impacts arising during the construction phase can be effectively mitigated through appropriate preventive and corrective measures.